Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Light-assisted drying enables vaccine stabilization and supports cold-chain-independent distribution

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40775-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative thermal history for a 4CMenB sample processed inside a glass vial. An empty vial is shown for comparison.

Article Snippet: The 4CMenB vaccine suspension was obtained from GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Srl and distributed under the brand name Bexsero (0.5 mL single dose, 10 syringes per pack).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Light-assisted drying enables vaccine stabilization and supports cold-chain-independent distribution

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40775-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative polarized light imaging (PLI) of LAD processed 4CMenB ( A,B ) and IPV ( C,D ) samples. Images were captured immediately after LAD processing. Images ( A,C ) were taken with both the polarizer and analyzer oriented at 0 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ$$\end{document} . Images ( B,D ) are crossed-polarizer images in which crystallized areas, if present, will appear as white regions. For comparison, ( E ) (analyzer at 0 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ$$\end{document} ) and ( F ) (crossed-polarizer) show an air-dried sample that fully crystalized. The crystalized areas appear white in the crossed-polarizer image.

Article Snippet: The 4CMenB vaccine suspension was obtained from GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Srl and distributed under the brand name Bexsero (0.5 mL single dose, 10 syringes per pack).

Techniques: Imaging, Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Light-assisted drying enables vaccine stabilization and supports cold-chain-independent distribution

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40775-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Absorbance comparison from ELISAs for the 4CMenB component, factor H binding protein (fHbp). The 4CMenB vaccine was left unaltered (Stock), mixed with a TRIS buffer (Stock + Tris), mixed with a TRIS + trehalose solution (Stock + trehalose), LAD processed (LAD Processed), or heat-treated at 98 °C (Heat-treated). The heat-treated sample exhibits absorbance comparable to the blank (no absorbance). The heat-treated samples exhibited significantly lower (p < 0.05) absorbance than every other group. A detailed statistical analysis comparing all groups can be found in Supplementary Table . Data are presented as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean) where N=12 for all groups except heat-treated where N=34.

Article Snippet: The 4CMenB vaccine suspension was obtained from GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Srl and distributed under the brand name Bexsero (0.5 mL single dose, 10 syringes per pack).

Techniques: Comparison, Binding Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Light-assisted drying enables vaccine stabilization and supports cold-chain-independent distribution

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40775-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the aluminum adjuvant particles and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in the 4CMenB vaccine (all 100,000X). ( A ) Stock vaccine, ( B ) stock vaccine + trehalose, ( C ) LAD processed vaccine, and ( D ) heat-treated vaccine samples. OMVs and electron-dense particles (aluminum-based adjuvants) are clearly visible in all samples except those that were heat-treated.

Article Snippet: The 4CMenB vaccine suspension was obtained from GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Srl and distributed under the brand name Bexsero (0.5 mL single dose, 10 syringes per pack).

Techniques: Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Adjuvant, Membrane

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Light-assisted drying enables vaccine stabilization and supports cold-chain-independent distribution

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40775-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: 4CMenB-specific humoral immune responses following vaccination trial. No statistically significant differences between the Stock, Stock + trehalose and LAD processed groups were seen. This indicates that the mice had similar immune responses regardless of how the vaccine was processed. Naïve animals exhibited significantly lower values than all other groups (p < 0.05). Full statistical comparisons are reported in Supplementary Table . Median values are indicated by horizontal lines, with individual observations overlaid. Whiskers extend to 1.5X the interquartile range (IQR). Each group includes 5–6 independent mice with two technical replicates per mouse.

Article Snippet: The 4CMenB vaccine suspension was obtained from GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Srl and distributed under the brand name Bexsero (0.5 mL single dose, 10 syringes per pack).

Techniques: